| Citation |
Liao, W. & Yang, Y. 2013. Cephalotaxus mannii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T18625568A2804770. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T18625568A2804770.en. Downloaded on 20 May 2019. |
Description |
Geographic Range
NATIVE
Extant
China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Tibet [or Xizang]); India (Nagaland, Meghalaya, Assam); Lao Peoples Democratic Republic; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam
NUMBER OF LOCATIONS
UPPER ELEVATION LIMIT
2,000 metres
LOWER ELEVATION LIMIT
500 metres
Geographic Range in detail
ESTIMATED AREA OF OCCUPANCY (AOO) (KM²)
CONTINUING DECLINE IN AREA OF OCCUPANCY (AOO)
EXTREME FLUCTUATIONS IN AREA OF OCCUPANCY (AOO)
ESTIMATED EXTENT OF OCCURRENCE (EOO) (KM²)
CONTINUING DECLINE IN EXTENT OF OCCURRENCE (EOO)
EXTREME FLUCTUATIONS IN EXTENT OF OCCURRENCE (EOO)
CONTINUING DECLINE IN NUMBER OF LOCATIONS
EXTREME FLUCTUATIONS IN THE NUMBER OF LOCATIONS
RANGE DESCRIPTION
This species has a wide but scattered distribution in southeast Asia being recorded from southern and western China: Guangdong (Xingyi), Guangxi, Yunnan, SE Xizang [Tibet]; northern Myanmar [Burma]; northeast India: Arunachal Pradesh, Megalaya (Khasi, Jaintia, Mishmi Hills and Naga Hills), Assam (Manipur, Nagaland); northern Thailand; Viet Nam; and Lao PDR. The subpopulations in China and Thailand often only occur in low densities and in remote areas. Parts of the Indian subpopulation are sometimes referred to as C. griffithii. With such a wide range, the extent of occurrence is well in excess of the thresholds for a threatened listing and there is insufficient data available to calculate the area of occupancy.
Population
CURRENT POPULATION TREND
Decreasing
NUMBER OF MATURE INDIVIDUALS
POPULATION SEVERELY FRAGMENTED
Yes
CONTINUING DECLINE OF MATURE INDIVIDUALS
Yes
Population in detail
EXTREME FLUCTUATIONS
NO. OF SUBPOPULATIONS
CONTINUING DECLINE IN SUBPOPULATIONS
EXTREME FLUCTUATIONS IN SUBPOPULATIONS
ALL INDIVIDUALS IN ONE SUBPOPULATION
NO. OF INDIVIDUALS IN LARGEST SUBPOPULATION
DESCRIPTION
Although widespread, the species has become rarer. Due to its fragmented but widespread distribution it is difficult to make an accurate assessment of the current size of its global population. The subpopulation in China is estimated to number less than 15,500 plants, but it is not clear what proportion of these are mature individuals. In Guangdong province, only eleven trees are known, only one of which is a large tree. A continuing decline is suspected throughout its range due conversion of forests for agriculture and logging. Past decline is estimated to be between 30 and 50%, possibly higher.
Habitat and Ecology
SYSTEM
Terrestrial
HABITAT TYPE
Forest
GENERATION LENGTH (YEARS)
50 years
CONGREGATORY
CONTINUING DECLINE IN AREA, EXTENT AND/OR QUALITY OF HABITAT
Yes
Habitat and Ecology in detail
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY
This widespread species occurs in mixed evergreen or deciduous forests, often in ravines. Its altitudinal range is from 500 to 2,000 m a.s.l. In China, trees are described as not reaching taller than 20 m (Flora of China 4: 87, 1999), but in Thailand trees up to 50 m tall have been reported. That maximum figure is certainly in need of verification, but trees to 30 m tall commonly occur in the undisturbed evergreen submontane rainforests of Thailand and Viet Nam. Cephalotaxus mannii can occur on both silicate rocks and limestone. It is often associated with Nageia wallichiana, Taxus sp., Dacrycarpus imbricatus and Podocarpus neriifolius on soils derived from the silicate rocks, and with Pseudotsuga sinensis, Nageia fleuryi, Pinus kwangtungensis, Podocarpus pilgeri, Taxus chinensis, Fokienia hodginsii, and Amentotaxus spp. on karst limestone in northern Viet Nam and southern China. In both types of habitat angiosperms play an important role with numerous tree and shrub species as well as epiphytes.
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
Habitats Suitability Major importance
1. Forest 1.4. Forest - Temperate Suitable Yes
Growth Forms
TL. Tree - large
Threats
Agriculture & aquaculture
Annual & perennial non-timber crops
Biological resource use
Gathering terrestrial plants
Logging & wood harvesting
Threats in detail
THREATS
Throughout its range, C. mannii is restricted to small subpopulations in which the largest trees (to 30 m tall and over 100 cm d.b.h.) are often targeted for their timber. Stripping of bark is often fatal to the trees and this type of harvest is unsustainable. Logging is also unsustainable as this species grows slowly. The principal threat, however, is conversion of habitat to agriculture and resulting in severe forest fragmentation. There are not enough forest reserves of sufficient size and integrity to safeguard this species at present (Fu and Jin 1992, Nguyen et al. 2004). Fragmentation also makes the remaining stands more susceptible to natural disasters such as typhoons. It is likely that habitat reduction has accelerated in recent years.
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
Threats Timing Stresses Scope Severity Impact score Invasive species Virus
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1. Annual & perennial non-timber crops 2.1.2. Small-holder farming Ongoing
1. Ecosystem stresses 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
5. Biological resource use 5.2. Gathering terrestrial plants 5.2.1. Intentional use (species is the target) Ongoing
2. Species Stresses 2.1. Species mortality
Unknown Slow, Significant Declines Unknown
5.3. Logging & wood harvesting 5.3.1. Intentional use: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest] Ongoing
2. Species Stresses 2.1. Species mortality
Majority (50-90%) Slow, Significant Declines Medium Impact: 6
Use and Trade
Construction or structural materials
Local: ?National: ?International: ?
Handicrafts, jewellery, etc.
Local: ?National: ?International: ?
Medicine - human & veterinary
Local: ?National: ?International: ?
Use and Trade in detail
USE AND TRADE
This conifer produces high quality insect resistant timber which is used for quality furniture, fine crafts and tool handles. The seeds and bark have medicinal uses in the treatment of leukaemia and lymphoma. The species is eminently suitable for use in horticulture, but is seldom seen in cultivation outside Asia. Some plants may be grown under its taxonomic synonym, C. griffithii Hook. f., which was originally described from the Mishmi Hills in Assam, India.
Conservation Actions
In-place research and monitoring
Action Recovery Plan : No
Systematic monitoring scheme : No
In-place land/water protection
Area based regional management plan : No
Occurs in at least one protected area : Yes
Invasive species control or prevention : Not Applicable
In-place species management
Harvest management plan : No
Successfully reintroduced or introduced benignly : No
Subject to ex-situ conservation : No
In-place education
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes : No
Included in international legislation : No
Subject to any international management / trade controls : No
Conservation Actions in detail
CONSERVATION ACTIONS
This species has been recorded in small subpopulations from more than 10 National Parks and nature reserves in Viet Nam including Bach Ma National Park, Ba Vi National Park Tam Dao National Park, Chu Mom Ray Nature Reserve and most of the protected areas around Bi Doup in Lam Dong. It has also been recorded from protected areas in other parts of its range e.g. Nakai Nam Theun National Conservation Area in Lao PDR.
It should be strictly protected throughout its range, and in areas where it is most threatened, propagation programmes should be established to supply material for plantation trials and to establish a living genebank, and seed storage should also be experimented with (Luu and Thomas 2004).
CONSERVATION ACTIONS CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
Conservation Actions Needed Notes
1. Land/water protection 1.1. Site/area protection
2. Land/water management 2.1. Site/area management
3. Species management 3.4. Ex-situ conservation 3.4.1. Captive breeding/artificial propagation
5. Law & policy 5.4. Compliance and enforcement 5.4.2. National level
5.4.3. Sub-national level
6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives 6.1. Linked enterprises & livelihood alternatives
RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
Research Needed Notes
1. Research 1.1. Taxonomy
1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1.4. Harvest, use & livelihoods
1.5. Threats
2. Conservation Planning 2.3. Harvest & Trade Management Plan
3. Monitoring 3.1. Population trends
3.2. Harvest level trends
3.4. Habitat trends |
