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Description |
Geographic Range [top]
Range Description: This species is found in most of Southeast Asia, including Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia and south Viet Nam. It is also found in the northeast tip of Australia and Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and to New Caledonia, and in Yap (Federated States of Micronesia) and Palau.
Countries occurrence:
Native:
Australia; Bangladesh; Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Micronesia, Federated States of ; Myanmar; New Caledonia; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Viet Nam
FAO Marine Fishing Areas:
Native:
Indian Ocean – western; Indian Ocean – eastern; Pacific – western central
Range Map: Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Population [top]
Population: This species is uncommon throughout its range. It is rare in Australia and is only found in two esturies there (Duke 2006). It is also rare in the south of Viet Nam and in Yap. Although there is no species specific population information, it can be assumed that there are areas of population decline throughout its range due to coastal development.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Additional data:
?Population severely fragmented: No
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Habitat and Ecology: This species grows in the upstream estuarine areas, riverine influenced areas, areas of high rainfall, and all across intertidal zones. This is a small, sprawling tree and is fast growing. This species is often associated with Nypa fruticans and Acanthus ilicifolius.
Systems: Terrestrial; Freshwater; Marine
Generation Length (years): 25
Use and Trade [top]
Use and Trade: In the northwestern parts of its range it is likely to be used for fuel.
Threats [top]
Major Threat(s): Although local estimates are uncertain due to differing legislative definitions of what is a mangrove and to the imprecision in determining mangrove area, current consensus estimates of mangrove loss in the last quarter-century report an approximately 23% decline in mangrove areas in countries within this species range since 1980 (FAO 2007).
All mangrove ecosystems occur within mean sea level and high tidal elevations, and have distinct species zonations that are controlled by the elevation of the substrate relative to mean sea level. This is because of associated variation in frequency of elevation, salinity and wave action (Duke et al. 1998). With rise in sea-level, the habitat requirements of each species will be disrupted, and species zones will suffer mortality at their present locations and re-establish at higher elevations in areas that were previously landward zones (Ellison 2005). If sea-level rise is a continued trend over this century, then there will be continued mortality and re-establishment of species zones. However, species that are easily dispersed and fast growing/fast producing will cope better than those which are slower growing and slower to reproduce.
In addition, mangrove area is declining globally due to a number of localized threats. The main threat is habitat destruction and removal of mangrove areas. Reasons for removal include cleared for shrimp farms, agriculture, fish ponds, rice production and salt pans, and for the development of urban and industrial areas, road construction, coconut plantations, ports, airports, and tourist resorts. Other threats include pollution from sewage effluents, solid wastes, siltation, oil, and agricultural and urban runoff. Climate change is also thought to be a threat, particularly at the edges of a species range. Natural threats include cyclones, hurricane and tsunamis.
Conservation Actions [top]
Conservation Actions: There are no conservation measures specific to this species, but its range may include some marine and coastal protected areas. Continued monitoring and research is recommended, as well as the inclusion of mangrove areas in marine and coastal protected areas.
Citation: Duke, N., Katherisan, K. & Sukardjo, S. 2010. Dolichandrone spathacea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T33705A9803003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T33705A9803003.en. Downloaded on 28 April 2016.
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