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Description |
Geographic Range [top]
Range Description: Gnetum gnemon is known from NE India, Tibet and southcentral China, Myanmar, Viet Nam, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sulawesi, Maluku, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Islands, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, to Fiji and Samoa.
Countries occurrence:
Native:
Bangladesh; Cambodia; China (Tibet [or Xizang], Yunnan); Fiji; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nicobar Is., Tripura); Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku, Papua, Sulawesi); Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak); Myanmar (Myanmar (mainland)); Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea (main island group)); Philippines; Solomon Islands (South Solomons); Thailand; Vanuatu; Viet Nam
Upper elevation limit (metres): 1700
Range Map: Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Population [top]
Population: Gnetum gnemon has been described as common to very common at low elevations in most of its distribution range (Manner and Elevitch 2006). There is no detailed population data known.
Current Population Trend: Unknown
Additional data:
?Population severely fragmented: No
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Habitat and Ecology: Gnetum gnemon grows in tropical rainforest climate with bimodal or uniform rainfall patterns between 750-5,000 mm/yr and thrives best where rainfall is between 3,000-5,000 mm/yr. It can also tolerate drought for some months assuming some soil moisture retention or irrigation during dry season. The species occurs at elevations between 0-1,700 m and can tolerant shade as well as full sun, a fairly large temperature range and probably infertile soil. It also fairs well in heavy winds, but does not tolerate salt spray and is therefore not a coastal species. The species has been found in flat areas and more often at hillsides in primary and secondary forests. Preferable substrate conditions are slightly acid to neutral soils, but the tree can also grow on calcareous rocks. The substrate can be high in clay or sand, and should be well drained (Manner and Elevitch 2006). Gnetum gnemon is cultivated in orchards and private gardens within its distribution range. In Papua New Guinea this species can be found growing alongside breadfruit (Artocarpus spp.), Pandanus conoideus and other food and fiber species (Kennedy and Clarke 2004). It is intercropped with several species like Arctocarpus camansi, Pandanus spp., Durio spp., Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan) and Parkia sp.
Systems: Terrestrial
Use and Trade [top]
Use and Trade: The seeds of G. gnemon are eaten raw, boiled or roasted. In East Java “blinjo” chips are made from the seeds and are an important home industry. In Thailand, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu the leaves and young inflorescences are used as a vegetable. The leaf sap is used medicinally to cure an eye complication. The bast fibres are used to make fishing lines, fishnets and string bags. The wood can be burned as firewood and be used to make tool handles and house beams. In Malaysia, Hong Kong and Indonesia the wood is used for making paper and for house construction (Manner and Elevitch 2006). Gnetum gnemon is frequently cultivated and the threat on wild populations is probably limited.nThe amount that is taken from wild versus cultivated plants is unknown.
Threats [top]
Major Threat(s): The primary threat to G. gnemon is habitat loss through conversion of forests into crop plantations, commercial logging, expansion of urban areas and shifting agriculture at hillside locations. It is cultivated, but also wild specimens are harvested for fruits, leaves, and bark. It is unknown whether this threatens the wild population.
Conservation Actions [top]
Conservation Actions: Gnetum gnemon has been found in several protected areas throughout its range: Tanintharyi National Park (Myanmar), Bang Lang National Park (Thailand), Taman Negara National Park, Bukit Larut Forest Reserve, Gunung Ledang Forsts Reserve, Endau Kota Tinggi Wildlife Reserve, Pulau Tioman Wildlife Reserve, Pulau Pemanggil Marine Park, Batang Ai National Park on Borneo/Sarawak (Malaysia), Mount Apo Natural Park, Palompon Watershed Forest Reserve, Palawan Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary, Taal Volcano National Park, Sibuyan Island Mangrove Forests Reserve, Bicol National Park, (Philippines), Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park on Sulawesi, Mamberamo-Pergungungan Foja Wildlife Reserve, Foja Game Reserve on Irian Jaya (Indonesia), Tonda Wildlife Mangagement Area (Papua New Guinea). The species was not assessed previously and no species specific conservation measures exist.
Citation: Baloch, E. 2013. Gnetum gnemon. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T194943A8924190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T194943A8924190.en. Downloaded on 01 June 2016.
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