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Description |
Geographic Range [top]
Range Description: Indicator xanthonotus occurs in Pakistan (possibly a seasonal or nomadic visitor; there are no recent records), Nepal (local and uncommon), India (very rare and local), Bhutan (local and uncommon), China (rare in south-east Tibet) and Myanmar (rare resident in the north) (BirdLife International 2001). It is generally assumed to be a rare species, although easily overlooked due to its inconspicuous behaviour and it may be more common than the paucity of records suggest.
Countries occurrence:
Native:
Bhutan; China; India; Myanmar; Nepal; Pakistan
Additional data:
? Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Yes
? Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No ? Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) - km2: 146000
? Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown ? Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
? Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown
? Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No ? Lower elevation limit (metres): 610
? Upper elevation limit (metres): 3500
Range Map: Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Population [top]
Population: The population size of this species has not been quantified; it is considered very rare to uncommon throughout its range.
Trend Justification: Little is known of the population trends of this scarce species, but slow declines are suspected to be occurring as a result of the human exploitation of giant honey bee colonies, as well as habitat loss and degradation within the range.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Additional data:
? Number of mature individuals: Unknown ? Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes
? Extreme fluctuations: No ? Population severely fragmented: No
? Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown
? Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No ? All individuals in one subpopulation: No
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Habitat and Ecology: This species occurs in rocky gorges and valleys with broadleaved or coniferous forest, usually between 1,450 and 3,500 m. Males defend giant honey bee Apis dorsata nests that are usually attached to vertical cliffs. It may be an obligate brood parasite, although hosts are unknown.
Systems: Terrestrial; Freshwater
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes
Generation Length (years): 5.8
Movement patterns: Not a Migrant
Threats [top]
Major Threat(s): It has been suggested that over-exploitation of bees nests for honey by human populations in the Himalayas might have a deleterious impact on its populations. Similarly, the loss of floral diversity as a result of agricultural expansion could affect bee populations. Forest loss could also influence this species.
Conservation Actions [top]
Conservation Actions: Conservation Actions Underway
No targeted conservation actions are known for this species.
Conservation Actions Proposed
Conduct repeated surveys across the speciess range to determine the magnitude of declines and rates of range contraction. Conduct ecological studies to determine precise habitat requirements and breeding biology, as well as tolerance of secondary habitats and response to fragmentation. Campaign for the protection of giant honey bee colonies, as well as flower-rich habitats within the speciess range.
Citation: BirdLife International. 2012. Indicator xanthonotus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22680652A38097971. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22680652A38097971.en. Downloaded on 20 July 2016.
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