| Citation |
IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2019. Leptophryne cruentata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T138045255A3020276. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T138045255A3020276.en. Downloaded on 07 May 2019. |
Description |
Geographic Range
NATIVE
Extant (resident)
Indonesia (Jawa)
NUMBER OF LOCATIONS
UPPER ELEVATION LIMIT
2,000 metres
LOWER ELEVATION LIMIT
1,200 metres
UPPER DEPTH LIMIT
LOWER DEPTH LIMIT
Geographic Range in detail
Population
CURRENT POPULATION TREND
Decreasing
NUMBER OF MATURE INDIVIDUALS
1-249
POPULATION SEVERELY FRAGMENTED
Yes
CONTINUING DECLINE OF MATURE INDIVIDUALS
Population in detail
Habitat and Ecology
SYSTEM
Terrestrial, Freshwater (=Inland waters)
HABITAT TYPE
Wetlands (inland), Forest
GENERATION LENGTH (YEARS)
CONGREGATORY
MOVEMENT PATTERNS
Not a Migrant
CONTINUING DECLINE IN AREA, EXTENT AND/OR QUALITY OF HABITAT
Yes
Habitat and Ecology in detail
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY
This species lives in the boundary zone between moist mid-elevation and montane forest. It breeds in very slow-moving, intermittent streams in forests, where the larvae also develop, although adults have also been found in fast flowing streams. Females have been found to contain c. 300 eggs (Kusrini 2007).
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
Habitats Suitability Major importance
1. Forest 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Suitable Yes
5. Wetlands (inland) 5.1. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls) Suitable Yes
5.2. Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks Suitable Yes
Threats
Energy production & mining
Mining & quarrying
Biological resource use
Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals
Human intrusions & disturbance
Recreational activities
Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases
Problematic native species/diseases
Geological events
Volcanoes
Threats in detail
THREATS
The sharp decline and disappearance of this species at higher elevations is reminiscent of similar disappearances of montane stream-breeding amphibians in other parts of the moist tropics, which could be caused by the introduction of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) (Kusrini et al. 2008). The initial rapid decline was once attributed to the volcanic eruption of the nearby Mount Galunggung, but the type of decline observed is more indicative of chytridiomycosis. This species has been tested for presence of Bd, with an inconclusive result (Kusrini 2007, Kusrini et al. 2008). In addition, one of the main waterfalls in Curug Cibeureum in Mount Gede Pangrango National Park has been opened to public access for tourism (Kusrini 2007). Activities in this site, such as washing in streams, using soap and littering are threatening this subpopulation (Indonesia Red List Assessment Workshop May 2017). It has also been found for sale online, but it is not known how this affects wild subpopulations.
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
Threats Timing Stresses Scope Severity Impact score Invasive species Virus
3. Energy production & mining 3.2. Mining & quarrying Unknown
1. Ecosystem stresses 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Unknown Unknown Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1. Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is the target) Unknown
2. Species Stresses 2.1. Species mortality
2.2. Species disturbance
Unknown Unknown Unknown
6. Human intrusions & disturbance 6.1. Recreational activities Ongoing
2. Species Stresses 2.2. Species disturbance
Low Impact: 3
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases 8.2. Problematic native species/diseases Ongoing
2. Species Stresses 2.1. Species mortality
Low Impact: 3
10. Geological events 10.1. Volcanoes Ongoing
1. Ecosystem stresses 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Low Impact: 3
Use and Trade
Pets/display animals, horticulture
Local: ?National: ?International: ?
Use and Trade in detail
USE AND TRADE
This species has been found for sale on Facebook (PHI Forum- Indonesia Red List Assessment Workshop May 2017). |
