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Description |
Assessment Information [top]
Red List Category & Criteria: Near Threatened ver 3.1
Year Published: 2015
Date Assessed: 2012-05-03
Assessor(s): BirdLife International
Reviewer(s): Butchart, S. & Symes, A.
Contributor(s): Baral, H., Barter, M., Cao, L., Chan, S. & Tordoff, A.W.
Facilitator/Compiler(s): Butchart, S., Ekstrom, J., Khwaja, N., Mahood, S., Pilgrim, J., Taylor, J. & Ashpole, J
Justification:
Although this species is clearly more abundant than once believed, it has been retained as Near Threatened owing to moderately rapid declines in China, as measured by survey data and inferred from very high levels of hunting. Almost qualifies for a threatened listing under criteria A2bd+3bd+4bd.
Previously published Red List assessments:
2012 – Near Threatened (NT)
2008 – Near Threatened (NT)
2006 – Near Threatened (NT)
2004 – Least Concern (LC)
2000 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)
1994 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)
1988 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)
Geographic Range [top]
Range Description: Mareca falcata has a large range, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 1,000,000-10,000,000 km2. It breeds over much of south-east Siberia, Russia, south to northern Mongolia, China, and Japan. Although the global population was previously estimated to be 35,000 individuals, recent counts indicate that it is considerably higher, with perhaps as many as 89,000 in total (Lei and Barter in litt. 2007). The majority of birds spending the non-breeding season in China (78,000), Japan (9,000), North Korea and South Korea (2,000) (Wetlands International 2002, Lei and Barter in litt. 2007). It also regularly winters in small numbers in Bangladesh, north-east India, Nepal, where it is rare and irregular (H. S. Baral in litt. 2005), Taiwan (China), and northern Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam, where it is a very rare visitor (A. W. Tordoff in litt. 2005). Vagrants have been recorded from Afghanistan, Bulgaria, Canada, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Malta, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Turkey, and the Aleutian Islands of the United States (Madge and Burn 1988). Escapes from waterfowl collections mask the extent of vagrancy to western Europe. The species appears to be declining in southern China, remaining common only in Dongting Hu, Hunan Province (S. Chan in litt. 2005) and there have been notable declines at least locally in the breeding range, for instance, on Lake Udyl the total number of Falcated Duck broods has fallen from 530 to 120 broods since the 1980s (Poyarkov 2006). Of 14,763 individuals counted in a 2005 survey of China, 13,605 were in Hunan Province, and 970 in Hubei Province (M. Barter in litt. 2005). Populations in Japan and Korea appear to have remained stable or declined only slightly (S. Chan in litt. 2005). It also appears to have become less frequent in Nepal (H. S. Baral in litt. 2005).
Countries occurrence:
Native:
Bangladesh; China; Hong Kong; India; Japan; Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Lao Peoples Democratic Republic; Mongolia; Myanmar; Nepal; Russian Federation; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Turkmenistan; Viet Nam
Vagrant:
Afghanistan; Austria; Bulgaria; Canada; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Malta; Netherlands; Northern Mariana Islands; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal; Turkey; United States
Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No
Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) - km2: 3550000
Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
Number of Locations: 11-100
Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No
Range Map: Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Population [top]
Population: Although the global population was previously estimated to be 35,000 individuals, recent counts indicate that it is considerably higher, with perhaps > 89,000 individuals in total (Lei and Barter in litt 2007). The majority of birds spend the non-breeding season in China, (c.78,000 individuals), Japan (c.9,000 individuals), North Korea and South Korea (c.2,000 individuals) (Wetlands International 2002; Lei and Barter in litt. 2007).
Trend Justification: The species appears to be declining in southern China, remaining common only in Dongting Hu, Hunan Province (S. Chan in litt. 2005) and there have been notable declines at least locally in the breeding range, for instance, on Lake Udyl the total number of Falcated Duck broods has fallen from 530 to 120 broods since the 1980s (Poyarkov 2006). Populations in Japan and Korea appear to have remained stable or declined only slightly (S. Chan in litt. 2005). Overall, the population is suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid decline.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Additional data:
?Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes
?Extreme fluctuations: No ?Population severely fragmented: No
?No. of subpopulations: 2-100 ?Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown
?Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No ?All individuals in one subpopulation: No
?No. of individuals in largest subpopulation: 1-89
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Habitat and Ecology: The species breeds by water-meadows and lakes in lowland valleys, both in open and partly wooded areas. It winters on lowland rivers, lakes, flooded meadows, and, less frequently, coastal lagoons and estuaries (Madge and Burn 1988). It is usually seen in pairs or small parties, with large flocks formed outside the breeding season, mixing with other dabbling ducks (particularly Eurasian Wigeon M. penelope and Northern Pintail Anas acuta) (Madge and Burn 1988). The breeding season is May to July. Birds dabble and up-end for food in open water near emergent vegetation, or sometimes graze in waterside grassland or crops (Madge and Burn 1988).
Systems: Terrestrial; Freshwater; Marine
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Unknown
Generation Length (years): 6.6
Movement patterns: Full Migrant
Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)
Threats [top]
Major Threat(s): Hunting for food, for subsistence and local markets, is probably the major threat. This is particularly true on the non-breeding grounds in China, with an estimated 33,000-37,000 individuals of this species taken along the lower and middle Yangtze River basins in each of the four winters from 1988-1992 (Madge and Burn 1988).
Conservation Actions [top]
Conservation Actions: Conservation Actions Underway
The species occurs in a number of protected areas.
Conservation Actions Proposed
Continue to monitor non-breeding populations. Formulate national and local hunting or shooting regulations (Madge and Burn 1988). Educate people about the plight of waterfowl, and provide alternative employment opportunities for local hunters (Madge and Burn 1988). Improve management of existing wetland nature reserves on the non-breeding grounds (Madge and Burn 1988).
Citation: BirdLife International. 2015. Mareca falcata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22680153A84644453. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T22680153A84644453.en. Downloaded on 15 January 2016.
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