| Citation |
|
Description |
Geographic Range [top]
Range Description: Anhinga melanogaster occurs in Pakistan (fairly widespread but local year-round resident and irregular visitor to Sind and Punjab), India (widespread resident, locally common in Assam, current status poorly known but apparently declining), Nepal (uncommon resident and non-breeding visitor), Sri Lanka (common resident in dry lowlands, scarce visitor elsewhere), Bangladesh (local resident in northern and coastal regions), Myanmar (previously a widespread resident, now scarce to locally fairly common in south, status uncertain elsewhere), Thailand (formerly widespread, now very rare and possibly no longer breeds, although sightings are increasing in frequency due perhaps to increased protection of breeding colonies in Cambodia), Laos (previously widespread and numerous but numbers have plummeted with only a few sporadic recent records), Vietnam (previously widespread breeder, once locally common but now almost extinct, however, increasing numbers are now recorded in the non-breeding season), Cambodia (abundant in early 1960s with flocks reported to be totalling several thousand observed on the Mekong; currently a local resident in small numbers and still breeds on Tonle Sap Lake, where the largest colony at Prek Toal has grown from 241 nests in 2002 to 6-7,000 nests in 2011), Peninsular Malaysia (vagrant in west, possibly a former resident), Singapore, Brunei (widespread), Indonesia (locally common breeder on Borneo, Java and Sulawesi, vagrant to other islands in the Lesser Sundas and Moluccas) and Timor-Leste (uncommon resident) (BirdLife International 2001). The species is generally uncommon and declining throughout Asia (Perrenou et al. 1994).
Countries occurrence:
Native:
Bangladesh; Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; India; Indonesia; Lao Peoples Democratic Republic; Myanmar; Nepal; Pakistan; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Timor-Leste; Viet Nam
Regionally extinct:
Thailand
Vagrant:
Malaysia
Present - origin uncertain:
Palau
Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No
Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) - km2: 7230000
Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No
Range Map: Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Population [top]
Population: The population is estimated to number at least 22,000 mature individuals, roughly equvialent to over 33,000 individuals in total.
Trend Justification: This species is suspected to be in moderately rapid decline, owing to pollution, drainage and hunting.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Additional data:
?Number of mature individuals: 22000 ?Continuing decline of mature individuals: Unknown
?Extreme fluctuations: No ?Population severely fragmented: No
?Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown
?Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No ?All individuals in one subpopulation: No
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Habitat and Ecology: It inhabits shallow inland wetlands including lakes, rivers, swamps and reservoirs.
Systems: Terrestrial; Freshwater; Marine
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Unknown
Generation Length (years): 8.8
Movement patterns: Not a Migrant
Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)
Threats [top]
Major Threat(s): In common with many other Asian waterbirds, it is primarily threatened by habitat loss (both degradation of foraging areas and felling of trees used for breeding), pollution, disturbance (at feeding grounds and colonies), hunting, egg collecting and pollution.
Conservation Actions [top]
Conservation Actions: Conservation Actions Underway
It occurs in a number of protected areas. At Prek Toal on the Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia, WCS initiated a scheme in 2002 that employed former egg collectors as colony guards. Together with MoE staff, they protect and monitor the colony throughout the nesting period from tree top platforms. This has caused the population to increase from 241 nests in 2002 to over 6,000 nests in 2011, doubling the world population during this time period (S. Mahood in litt. 2012).
Conservation Actions Proposed
Survey to discover new colonies. Regularly monitor known colonies throughout the speciess range. Ensure complete and permanent protection of all breeding congregations. Conduct awareness campaigns involving local residents to engender pride in the species and other large waterbirds and prevent hunting.
Citation: BirdLife International. 2012. Anhinga melanogaster. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22696712A37833987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22696712A37833987.en. Downloaded on 18 January 2016.
Disclaimer: To make use of this information, please check the .
Feedback: If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided
|
