| Citation |
Csorba, G., Rosell-Ambal, G. & Ingle, N. 2008. Rousettus amplexicaudatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T19754A9010480. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19754A9010480.en. Downloaded on 31 May 2019. |
Description |
Geographic Range
NATIVE
Extant
Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; China; Indonesia (Sulawesi, Bali, Jawa, Sumatera, Lesser Sunda Is., Maluku); Lao Peoples Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar; Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago); Philippines; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Viet Nam
NUMBER OF LOCATIONS
UPPER ELEVATION LIMIT
2,200 metres
LOWER ELEVATION LIMIT
0 metres
Geographic Range in detail
ESTIMATED AREA OF OCCUPANCY (AOO) (KM²)
CONTINUING DECLINE IN AREA OF OCCUPANCY (AOO)
EXTREME FLUCTUATIONS IN AREA OF OCCUPANCY (AOO)
ESTIMATED EXTENT OF OCCURRENCE (EOO) (KM²)
CONTINUING DECLINE IN EXTENT OF OCCURRENCE (EOO)
EXTREME FLUCTUATIONS IN EXTENT OF OCCURRENCE (EOO)
CONTINUING DECLINE IN NUMBER OF LOCATIONS
EXTREME FLUCTUATIONS IN THE NUMBER OF LOCATIONS
RANGE DESCRIPTION
This species is known from Yunnan in China (Smith et al. 2008) extending to Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Viet Nam (Borissenko and Kruskop 2003), Lao PDR (Duckworth et al. 1999), Peninsular Malaysia through Indonesia (including Java and Bali), and the Philippines. It is present on many of the Molucca Islands, including the islands of Halmahera, Morotai, Buru and Seram. It is widespread throughout much of New Guinea (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea), the Bismarck Archipelago and adjacent islands. It has been recorded from the island of Bougainville and Buka (S. Hamilton pers. comm.) and many of the Solomon Islands as far south as the island of San Cristobal.
It is found throughout the Philippines, with records from Balabac, Babuyan Group (Garcia pers. comm.), Barit, Biliran, Bohol, Boracay, Busuanga, Caluya, Camotes (L. Paguntalan pers. comm.), Carabao, Catanduanes, Cebu, Dalupiri, Dinagat, Fuga, Ilin (J. C. Gonzales pers. comm.), Jolo, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon (Abra, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales provinces), Maripipi, Marinduque, Mindanao (Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Misamis Occidental (Ramayla pers. comm.), South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur), Mindoro, Negros, Palawan , Panay, Polillo, Samal, Samar (J. C. Gonzales pers. comm.), Semirara, Siargao, Sibay, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Tablas, Ticao (L. Paguntalan pers. comm.), Tincansan (Alcala and Alviola 1970; Heaney et al. 1998). It has been recorded from sea level up to 2,200 m asl.
Population
CURRENT POPULATION TREND
Unknown
NUMBER OF MATURE INDIVIDUALS
POPULATION SEVERELY FRAGMENTED
No
CONTINUING DECLINE OF MATURE INDIVIDUALS
Population in detail
EXTREME FLUCTUATIONS
NO. OF SUBPOPULATIONS
CONTINUING DECLINE IN SUBPOPULATIONS
EXTREME FLUCTUATIONS IN SUBPOPULATIONS
ALL INDIVIDUALS IN ONE SUBPOPULATION
NO. OF INDIVIDUALS IN LARGEST SUBPOPULATION
DESCRIPTION
This is a locally abundant species in Southeast Asia and the Philippines (Utzurrum 1992). In Southeast Asia it has probably experienced declines due to hunting as a large cave roosting species (C. Francis pers. comm.).
Habitat and Ecology
SYSTEM
Terrestrial
HABITAT TYPE
Artificial/Terrestrial, Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks), Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic), Forest
GENERATION LENGTH (YEARS)
CONGREGATORY
MOVEMENT PATTERNS
CONTINUING DECLINE IN AREA, EXTENT AND/OR QUALITY OF HABITAT
Habitat and Ecology in detail
HABITAT AND ECOLOGY
This is a colonial species which forms cave roosts of several thousand animals. Roosts are known from caves, rock crevices, and old tombs. It can be found in a wide variety of habitat types including secondary forest, agricultural areas, and other disturbed habitats like rural gardens, fruit orchards and at the forest edge (Heaney et al. 1991, 1998; Heideman and Heaney 1989; Lepiten 1995; Rickart et al. 1993). It is present, but less common, in primary tropical moist forest.
They may travel long distances each night, in search of appropriate fruit. Rousettus are known to use a primitive form of echolocation while foraging. Gestation is thought to be about 15 weeks, and lactation about three months. The species may have two litters of a single young annually in New Guinea (Bonaccorso 1998).
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
Habitats Suitability Major importance
1. Forest 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Suitable
1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane Suitable
6. Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves Suitable
14. Artificial/Terrestrial 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations Suitable
14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens Suitable
Threats
Threats in detail
THREATS
Overall there are no major threats to this species. It is regarded as a pest in some parts of its range. In the Philippines and Indochina it is subject to intense hunting at some cave roosts (Utzurrum 1992).
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
Threats Timing Stresses Scope Severity Impact score Invasive species Virus |
