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Description |
Geographic Range [top]
Range Description: This species breeds in the far north of Eurasia and North America. It is a transequatorial migrant, mostly wintering between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn and along the coastlines of Australia and Argentina (del Hoyo et al. 1996).
Countries occurrence:
Native:
Algeria; Angola (Angola); Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Aruba; Australia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bahamas; Bahrain; Barbados; Belgium; Belize; Bermuda; Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (Saba, Sint Eustatius); Brazil; British Indian Ocean Territory; Brunei Darussalam; Bulgaria; Canada; Cape Verde; Chile; China; Colombia; Costa Rica; Côte dIvoire; Cuba; Curaçao; Czech Republic; Denmark; Djibouti; Dominica; Ecuador; Egypt; Eritrea; Faroe Islands; Finland; France; French Guiana; Gambia; Germany; Ghana; Gibraltar; Greenland; Guadeloupe; Guatemala; Guyana; Hungary; Iceland; India; Indonesia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Kenya; Kiribati; Kuwait; Lebanon; Liberia; Malaysia; Maldives; Malta; Marshall Islands; Martinique; Mauritania; Mexico; Montserrat; Morocco; Myanmar; Namibia; Netherlands; New Caledonia; Nicaragua; Nigeria; Northern Mariana Islands; Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Panama; Peru; Philippines; Poland; Portugal; Puerto Rico; Qatar; Romania; Russian Federation; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Martin (French part); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Sint Maarten (Dutch part); Slovakia; Solomon Islands; South Africa; Spain; Sri Lanka; Suriname; Sweden; Switzerland; Thailand; Trinidad and Tobago; Tunisia; Turkmenistan; Turks and Caicos Islands; United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom; United States; Uruguay; Vanuatu; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Virgin Islands, British; Virgin Islands, U.S.; Western Sahara; Yemen
Vagrant:
Antarctica; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Congo; Croatia; Fiji; Greece; Guinea-Bissau; Haiti; Hong Kong; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Korea, Republic of; Latvia; Luxembourg; Montenegro; New Zealand; Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Serbia (Serbia); Slovenia; Somalia; Tanzania, United Republic of; Togo; Turkey
Present - origin uncertain:
Anguilla; Benin; Cambodia; Cayman Islands; Christmas Island; Comoros; Dominican Republic; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; French Southern Territories; Grenada; Guinea; Honduras; Jamaica; Madagascar; Micronesia, Federated States of ; Mozambique; Norfolk Island; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Sao Tomé and Principe; Seychelles; Sudan; Taiwan, Province of China; Timor-Leste; Tuvalu; Viet Nam; Wallis and Futuna
Additional data:
? Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown
? Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No ? Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) - km2: 95200000
? Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown ? Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
? Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown
? Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No
? Upper elevation limit (metres): 300
Range Map: Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Population [top]
Population: In Europe, the breeding population is estimated to number c.20,000 breeding pairs, equating to c.40,000 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015). Europe forms approximately 10% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is c. 400,000 mature individuals, although further validation of this estimate is needed. National population estimates include: < c.1,000 individuals on migration in Taiwan; c.50-1,000 individuals on migration and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in Korea; c.50-10,000 wintering individuals in Japan and c.100-100,000 breeding pairs and c.50-10,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009).
Trend Justification: The population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats. The European population trend is unknown (BirdLife International 2015).
Current Population Trend: Stable
Additional data:
? Number of mature individuals: 400000 ? Continuing decline of mature individuals: Unknown
? Extreme fluctuations: No ? Population severely fragmented: No
? Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown
? Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No ? All individuals in one subpopulation: No
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Habitat and Ecology: This species is marine outside the breeding season, remaining somewhat coastal, especially in upwelling regions of the tropics and subtropics. Whilst breeding it specialises on catching lemmings which frequently constitute over 90% of their diet, also feeding on young waders and gamebirds, bird eggs, carrion. In winter it takes fish, sometimes by kleptoparasitism, small seabirds, and scavenges on carrion. Breeding begins in June at scattered sites across the tundra where lemming concentrations are high. Individuals are highly territorial. Outside the breeding season it migrates south including long migrations over land (del Hoyo et al. 1996).
Systems: Terrestrial; Freshwater; Marine
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Unknown
Generation Length (years): 13.5
Movement patterns: Full Migrant
Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)
Threats [top]
Major Threat(s): The breeding success of this species is dependent on lemming abundance. Predation of eggs and chicks by Arctic Foxes (Alopex lagopus) and Snowy Owls (Nyctea scandiaca) occurs but is not a serious threat as this species is large enough to drive off nest predators (Furness 1996).
Conservation Actions [top]
Conservation Actions: Conservation Actions Underway
The following information refers to the speciess European range only: There are currently no known significant conservation measures for this species.
Conservation Actions Proposed
The following information refers to the speciess European range only: No conservation measures are currently thought to be required for this species.
Citation: BirdLife International. 2016. Stercorarius pomarinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22694240A86833544. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694240A86833544.en. Downloaded on 19 January 2017.
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