| Taxon ID: 52,955 Total records: 39,143 | ||||||||||||||
Onychoprion fuscatus
Country
| Country | Myanmar |
|---|---|
| Continent Ocean | Asia |
Classification
| Kingdom | Animalia (COL) |
|---|---|
| Phylum | Chordata (COL) |
| Class | Aves (COL) |
| Order | Ciconiiformes (COL) |
| Family | Laridae (COL) |
Taxonomy
| Genus | Onychoprion | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SubGenus | Vernacular Name | ||
| Species | fuscatus | IUCN Threat Status-Year | Least Concern, 2016 |
| SubSpecies | Nat'l Threat Status-Year | Not Evaluated, 2000 | |
| Infraspecies | Reason for Change | ||
| Infraspecies Rank | CITES | ||
| Taxonomic Group | Birds | Native Status | Native |
| Scientific Name Author | Linnaeus, 1766 | Country Distribution | Myanmar |
| Citation | Description | Geographic Range [top]
Range Description: The Sooty Tern breeds on tropical islands and ranges through most of the tropical oceans (del Hoyo et al. 1996).
Countries occurrence:
Native:
American Samoa (American Samoa); Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Aruba; Australia; Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Bermuda; Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (Saba, Sint Eustatius); Brazil; British Indian Ocean Territory; Cameroon; Canada; Cayman Islands; Chile; China; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Colombia; Comoros; Cook Islands; Costa Rica; Cuba; Curaçao; Djibouti; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; Fiji; French Guiana; French Polynesia; French Southern Territories; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guam; Guatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; India; Indonesia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Jamaica; Japan; Kenya; Kiribati; Korea, Republic of; Liberia; Madagascar; Malaysia; Maldives; Marshall Islands; Martinique; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mayotte; Mexico; Micronesia, Federated States of ; Montserrat; Mozambique; Myanmar; Nauru; New Caledonia; New Zealand; Nicaragua; Nigeria; Norfolk Island; Northern Mariana Islands; Oman; Palau; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Peru; Philippines; Pitcairn; Puerto Rico; Réunion; Saint Barthélemy; Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Martin (French part); Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Samoa; Sao Tomé and Principe; Senegal; Seychelles; Sint Maarten (Dutch part); Solomon Islands; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Suriname; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Tokelau; Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; Turks and Caicos Islands; Tuvalu; United States; United States Minor Outlying Islands; Vanuatu; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet Nam; Virgin Islands, British; Virgin Islands, U.S.; Yemen
Vagrant:
Bahrain; Belgium; Cape Verde; Christmas Island; Côte dIvoire; Denmark; Eritrea; France; Germany; Ghana; Hong Kong; Iceland; Israel; Italy; Malawi; Norway; Portugal; Saudi Arabia; Sierra Leone; Spain; Sudan; Swaziland; Sweden; Tunisia; United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom; Zimbabwe
Present - origin uncertain:
Angola (Angola); Bangladesh; Benin; Cambodia; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Gabon; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Iraq; Kuwait; Namibia; Niue; Pakistan; Timor-Leste; Togo; Wallis and Futuna
Additional data:
? Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown
? Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No ? Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) - km2: 195000000
? Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown ? Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
? Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown
? Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No
? Upper elevation limit (metres): 50
Range Map: Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Population [top]
Population: The global population is estimated to number c.21,000,000-22,000,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2006), while the population in Japan has been estimated at < c.100,000 breeding pairs and < c.1,000 individuals on migration (Brazil 2009).
Trend Justification: The overall population trend is uncertain, as some populations are decreasing, while others are increasing or have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2006).
Current Population Trend: Unknown
Additional data:
? Continuing decline of mature individuals: Unknown
? Extreme fluctuations: No ? Population severely fragmented: No
? Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown
? Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No ? All individuals in one subpopulation: No
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Habitat and Ecology: Behaviour The species is dispersive and migratory (Higgins and Davies 1996). At most colonies adults leave for the open sea after breeding (del Hoyo et al. 1996) and become strongly pelagic (Higgins and Davies 1996) for 2-3 months before returning to the breeding grounds (del Hoyo et al. 1996). On returning to the breeding colonies they continue to forage pelagically by day and settle on land at night for a further 2-3 months before beginning to breed (del Hoyo et al. 1996). The timing of breeding varies throughout the speciess range, with nesting occurring all year round at some colony sites but seasonally at others (del Hoyo et al. 1996). The species nests in very large colonies (del Hoyo et al. 1996) and remains gregarious throughout the year (congregating in small to large flocks to feed at sea) although it may be observed singly (Higgins and Davies 1996). Habitat Breeding It breeds on flat, open, sparsely or heavily vegetated, oceanic or barrier islands of sand, coral or rock in productive tropical and subtropical offshore waters rich in plankton, fish and squid (del Hoyo et al. 1996). It is absent from cold current areas and generally avoids islands with terrestrial predators (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Non-breeding Outside of the breeding season the species is highly pelagic but generally avoids cold current areas (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Diet Its diet consists predominantly of fish up to 18 cm long (usually 6-8 cm) and squid, but it also occasionally takes crustaceans, insects and offal (del Hoyo et al. 1996). The species is reliant upon prey driven to the surface by predatory fish (e.g. tuna, Scombidae), especially when breeding (Higgins and Davies 1996). Breeding site The nest is a slight depression (del Hoyo et al. 1996) or scrape on the ground (Higgins and Davies 1996). It shows a preference for nesting on flat, bare sand, coral grit or shell (Higgins and Davies 1996, del Hoyo et al. 1996) amongst low vegetation (Higgins and Davies 1996, del Hoyo et al. 1996) on beaches above the high-water mark (Higgins and Davies 1996) or on coral islands, atolls and sandbanks (Higgins and Davies 1996). Less often it may nest on rock stacks or other offshore islets, and on ledges or terraces of cliffs (although it avoids sheer cliff-faces) (Higgins and Davies 1996). It nests in dense colonies within which neighbouring nests may be placed c.50 cm apart (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Higher nesting densities occur in areas where bare ground predominates but which are vegetated with plants greater than or equal to 15 cm tall (Feare et al. 1997). Management information The mortality of the species was significantly reduced on Isla Isabel (a densely forested tropical island off the Pacific coast of Mexico) by the eradication of introduced domestic cats Felis catus using a combination of poisoning, trapping and hunting with firearms (Rodriguez et al. 2006). The nesting density and therefore the number of breeding pairs was increased in colonies on Bird Island by clearing areas of dense native or introduced vegetation and burning existing colony areas annually to prevent the growth of woody plants (Feare et al. 1997).
Systems: Terrestrial; Marine
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Unknown
Generation Length (years): 10.9
Movement patterns: Full Migrant
Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)
Threats [top]
Major Threat(s): Some colonies (e.g. on Ascension Island) (del Hoyo et al. 1996) are threatened by predation from introduced rats and domestic cats Felis catus (Rodriguez et al. 2006), and the species has been displaced from nesting colonies on Bird Island by invasive ants Anoplolepis longipes (Feare 1999). Persistent large scale egg-collecting in some areas has encouraged the species to move to suboptimal nesting sites, resulting in higher mortality and reduced reproductive success (van Halewyn and Norton 1984). It may also be threatened by climatic change, as variations in sea-surface temperature have been shown to negatively influence the speciess foraging success at breeding colonies (hence lowering reproductive success) (Erwin and Congdon 2007). The species is vulnerable to oil pollution from oil spills and tankers transporting fuel (del Hoyo et al. 1996) and is threatened by reductions in the global populations of tuna (a result of over-fishing) due to its dependence on tuna to force prey to the surface (Reichel 1991). Utilisation The eggs of this species are harvested in many areas (e.g. Caribbean) (van Halewyn and Norton 1984, del Hoyo et al. 1996).
Citation: BirdLife International. 2016. Onychoprion fuscatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22694740A93466786. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694740A93466786.en. Downloaded on 20 January 2017.
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| Individual Count | 0 | GML Features | |
| Observerd Individual Count | 0 | Notes |
Collecting Event
Images
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Additional Info
Synonyms To Manage Synonyms for Onychoprion fuscatus, click this link: Synonyms. |
Sterna fuscata Linnaeus, 1766 |
Common Names To Manage Common Names for Onychoprion fuscatus, click this link: Common Names. |
Sooty Tern () |
Localities To Manage Localities for Onychoprion fuscatus, click this link: Localities. |
Species Record Updated By:
Carlos Aurelio Callangan
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