| Taxon ID: 5,379 Total records: 39,143 | ||||||||||||||
Argyrops spinifer
Country
| Country | Brunei Darussalam |
|---|---|
| Continent Ocean | Asia |
Classification
| Kingdom | Animalia (COL) |
|---|---|
| Phylum | Chordata (COL) |
| Class | Actinopterygii (COL) |
| Order | Perciformes (COL) |
| Family | Sparidae (COL) |
Taxonomy
| Genus | Argyrops | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SubGenus | Vernacular Name | ||
| Species | spinifer | IUCN Threat Status-Year | Least Concern, 2014 |
| SubSpecies | Nat'l Threat Status-Year | Not Evaluated, 2000 | |
| Infraspecies | Reason for Change | ||
| Infraspecies Rank | CITES | ||
| Taxonomic Group | Fish | Native Status | Native |
| Scientific Name Author | (Forsskål, 1775) | Country Distribution | Brunei Darussalam |
| Citation | Description | Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to the Indo-Malayan Archipelago and northern Australia.
Geographic Range [top]
Range Description: Argyrops spinifer is a tropical species and is widespread in the Indo-West Pacific from South Africa, including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, to the Indo-Malayan Archipelago and southern Japan to northern Australia (Maggs and Mann 2013).
Recent genetic barcoding information indicates that specimens from southeast Madagascar cluster quite tightly with those from the Indian Ocean, including South Africa and the Arabian Gulf (Dr Gavin Gouws, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, pers. comm.). Although Smith and Heemstra (1986) record this species as far south as Kenya, it has not been recorded in catches or underwater visual surveys (UVC) surveys in temperate South African waters south of KwaZulu-Natal (C. Buxton and B. Mann pers. comm. 2009). The depth range for this species is 5 to 400 m depth (Bauchot and Smith 1984, Smith and Smith 2003, Heemstra and Heemstra 2004).
Countries occurrence:
Native:
Australia; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; China; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Djibouti; Egypt; Eritrea; Hong Kong; India; Indonesia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Israel; Japan; Jordan; Kenya; Kuwait; Madagascar; Malaysia; Maldives; Mauritius; Mozambique; Myanmar; Oman; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Qatar; Réunion; Saudi Arabia; Seychelles; Singapore; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; United Arab Emirates; Viet Nam; Yemen
FAO Marine Fishing Areas:
Native:
Atlantic – southeast; Indian Ocean – western; Indian Ocean – eastern; Pacific – northwest; Pacific – western central
Additional data:
? Lower depth limit (metres): 400
? Upper depth limit (metres): 5
Range Map: Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Population [top]
Population: Grandcourt et al. (2004) compiled size frequency data for Argyrops spinifer in the southern Persian Gulf from commercial catches made off the coast of Emirate of Abu Dhabi in UAE between September 2000 and March 2003. Biological data were collected from individuals purchased from commercial catches between June 2002 and May 2003. Grandcourt et al. (2004) determined the mean size and age at first sexual maturity for females to be 26.9 cm LF and 2.4 years and for males, 26.7 cm LF and 2.4 years, respectively. Mean size at first capture was 12.1 cm LF, which was smaller than the size at which maximum yield per recruit occurs (27.4 cm LF) (Grandcourt et al. 2004). The size at which the probability of capture was 100% for Argyrops spinifer was estimated to be 20.5 cm (LF). Juvenile retention was estimated to be 66.9%. Grandcourt et al. (2004) estimated the natural, fishing and total mortality rates for Argyrops spinifer to be 0.573 per year, 0.394 per year and 0.967 per year, respectively. The estimated exploitation rate of 0.407 per year, was comparable to what was estimated to be a safe harvest level at F0.1 (0.407 per year). Grandcourt et al. (2004) concluded that Argyrops spinifer is exploited at a safe level; however, the differences between the mean size at first capture that would maximize yield per recruit (27.4 cm LF) and the high juvenile retention rate (66.9%), suggests that the trap fisherys mesh size regulations should be reviewed.
Argyrops spinifer and Acanthopagrus bifasciatus form a small component of landings in the southern Persian Gulf representing about 2.5% of the total annual catch. During 2002, 120 tonnes of A. spinifer were landed in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (Grandcourt et al. 2004). FAO landings for this species show increases in total catches for the Persian Gulf from 1980 through 2007 (FAO 2009). Since 1994, landings of sparids (including A. spinifer) have shown a general trend for increasing annual catches and in 2006, 6,185 tonnes of sparids (including A. spinifer) were landed accounting for 16.5% of demersal fish landings in Omani waters (Al-Mamry et al. 2009). The Argyrops spinifer stock appears to be in a healthy condition in the Arabian Sea, as a wide range of size and age classes were caught in the hand-line (Al-Mamry et al. 2009) and industrial trawl fisheries (McIlwain et al. 2006). By comparison, A. spinifer caught in the trap-fishery in the southern Persian Gulf tend to be smaller (14–40 cm LT) and younger (under five years old) (Grandcourt et al. 2004). However, this is probably a reflection of the fishing gear used, since fishing traps used in Omani coastal waters similarly catch smaller-sized A. spinifer (25–45 cm LT) (Al-Mamry 2006). Valinassab et al. (2006) conducted a trawl survey in the Persian Gulf from 2003–2004 to assess the abundance of demersal fish resources in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Argyrops spinifer contributed 1.36% of the total biomass from the Persian Gulf and 2.30% from the Oman Sea.
Elsewhere in the Western Indian Ocean, Argyrops spinifer is found off Mozambique and KwaZulu-Natal extending north to Kenya, but is not plentiful in these countries (Mann and Fennessy 2000). However, it is one of the most common marine fish species seen in fish markets in southeast Madagascar and some of the catch from here and from the Tamatave region is exported from Madagascar (S. Fennessy, Oceanographic Research Institute pers. comm.). In Taiwan, Argyrops spinifer is common but not abundant and found mainly on the southwest coast including Penghu Island (K.-T. Shao, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica pers. comm. 2009).
FAO capture production figures for this species in 2007 were: Qatar - 1,158 tonnes, Saudi Arabia - 2,260 tonnes and United Arab Emirates - 5,800 tonnes. Landings of A. spinifer are not reported from Kuwait (J. Bishop, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research pers. comm. 2013), but landings from Qatar were 626.1 tonnes, 1,030.3 tonnes, 1157.2 tonnes, 1171 tonnes, 630.6 tonnes, 535 tonnes, 687.8 tonnes from 2005–2011 (one of the dominant species in the catch ~ 5% of total).
Bushehr (Iran) Shrimp Fisheries By-catch Study
Between 2001–2002, Paighambari and Daliri (2012) sampled shrimp trawl fisheries by-catch composition in the Bushehr province (Iranian waters). Argyrops spinifer occurred in 88% of trawls with a mean biomass of 0.9 kg/h (+/- 0.1 S.E.) and a mean catch rate of 0.7 individuals/h (+/- 0.11 S.E.) (Raeisi et al. 2011). Argyrops spinifer contribution to the by-catch in Bushehr waters was 0.9% in weight and 0.1% in the number of individuals collected (Raeisi et al. 2011).
Studies of By-catch in the Cutlassfish (Trichiurus lepturus) trawl fishery (2009-2010)
In Hormozgan waters of the northern Persian Gulf, Argyrops spinifer occurred in 20% of trawls (Hosseini et al. 2012).
Study of the retained and discarded by-catch of Kuwaits shrimp fishery:
Between September 2010-January 2011, Chen et al. (2013) sampled 17 tows from Kuwaits shrimp fishery for retained and discarded bycatch. Chen et al. (2013) noted between zero to 11 kg of Argyrops spinifer were collected as by-catch, in which zero to 10 kg were discarded. The remainder (zero to one kg) were kept as retained by-catch.
FAO Regional Commission for Fisheries (RECOFI) Capture Production (1986-2011) in the Persian Gulf
FAO RECOFI aggregate landings show an overall increasing trend from 2,024 tonnes in 1986 to 6,039 tonnes in 2011. A peak of 8,439 tonnes was collected in 2003.
FAO Global Capture Production (1982-2011)
FAO global aggregate landings show an overall increasing trend from 910 tonnes in 1986 to 6,487 tonnes in 2011. A peak of 9,688 tonnes was collected in 2004.
Annual Catch Statistics Report for Abu Dhabi Emirate Fisheries (2005-2012)
Abu Dhabi Emirate fisheries landed, on average, 33.15 tonnes of Argyrops spinifer between 2005-2012. A peak of 55.5 tonnes were collected in 2005, followed by a decline to 10.3 tonnes in 2011. In 2012, there was a slight increase to 13.7 tonnes (Marine Environment Research Center 2005, 2012).
Current Population Trend: Stable
Additional data:
? Population severely fragmented: No
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Habitat and Ecology: Argyrops spinifer inhabits a wide range of bottoms in depths to 400 m (Heemstra and Heemstra 2004), usually occurring between five and 100 m (Sommer et al. 1996). The maximum size for this species is 75 cm (S. Alam, Ministry of Environment, pers. comm. 2013) but is more common to 30 cm TL (Sommer et al. 1996). The maximum age for A. spinifer is to 25 years with oldest fish being females (Al-Mamry et al. 2009). Young fish occur in very shallow waters of sheltered bays (Sommer et al. 1996) while larger individuals occur in deeper water. It feeds on benthic invertebrates, mainly molluscs (Fischer et al. 1990, Salini et al. 1994).
The spawning season for A. spinifer in the Arabian Sea was observed to occur from September to January, immediately after the monsoon period, with a peak in spawning around October-November. In the southern Persian Gulf, spawning occurs from January to April (Grandcourt et al. 2004). McIlwain et al. (2006) suggested that there are two spawning seasons for A. spinifer in the Arabian Sea: a small peak in July during the monsoon season and a main spawning season between November and March. There is some evidence of large aggregations during autumn in the Gulf of Aden (Druzhinin 1975).
The sizes at first maturity in Oman were 28.6 cm and 26.4 cm FL for A. spinifer females and males, respectively (McIlwain et al. 2006); these values were similar to results from the southern Persian Gulf, at 26.9 and 26.7 cm (Grandcourt et al. 2004). Al-Mamry et al. (2009) report mean sizes at sexual maturity (L50) at 36.5 cm TL for males and 37.2 cm TL for females, respectively. The estimated mean ages at sexual maturity (A50) are 5.0 and 5.6 years for male and female fish respectively in Oman, but was 2.4 years for both males and females in the southern Persian Gulf (Grandcourt et al. 2004).
A comparison of the spawning period with that at which peaks in recruitment occur suggests that A. spinifer recruit to the trap fishery at ages between fuve and 11 months. There were high levels of juvenile retention because fish were fully recruited before the mean size at which sexual maturity occurred (Grandcourt et al. 2004).
Parameter values of the von Bertalanffy growth function fitted to size at age data (males and females combined) were: k = 0.224 year?1, L? = 52.4 cm (LF), to = ?0.44 years. Argyrops spinifer is fully exploited below the mean size at which females attained sexual maturity (26.9 cm LF). The overall sex ratio is significantly female biased although the bias was removed above the size at sexual maturation, potentially as a result of protogynous (female to male) sex change, although this has not been confirmed (Grandcourt et al. 2004). The von Bertalanffy growth parameters available for the Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea indicate that A. spinifer in these regions have similar growth rates (i.e. k = 0.14–0.21 year-1) and attain a similar maximum size (Arabian Sea, L = 64.6 cm LT; Gulf of Aden, L = 63.5 cm LT)(Edwards et al. 1985). The von Bertalanffy growth parameters available for the southern Persian Gulf provide contrasting results, with El-Sayed et al. (1998) reporting coefficients of k = 0.09 year-1 and L = 81.0 cm LT in the early 1990s and Grandcourt et al. (2004) reporting coefficients of k = 0.22 year-1 and L = 58.2 cm LT in 2000–2003. However, it is not known to what degree these differences in growth patterns are due to regional differences in biological productivity, stock-dependent genetic differences in growth performance, the selectivity in fishing gear used in each study and, in the case of the southern Persian Gulf, any temporal changes in fishing pressure (Grandcourt et al. 2004, Al-Mamry 2006).
Systems: Marine
Use and Trade [top]
Use and Trade: This species is caught mainly with bottom trawls, handlines and traps (Sommer et al. 1996). In the southern Persian Gulf they are caught using dome-shaped wire traps with a hexagonal mesh of approximately 3.5 cm in diameter. Traps are either fished individually or in strings by fibre glass dories and traditional wooden dhows (Grandcourt et al. 2004). This species forms a small component of landings in the southern Persian Gulf : during 2002, 120 tonnes of A. spinifer were landed in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (Grandcourt et al. 2004). Argyrops spinifer is considered to be the most important sparid caught in the hand-line fishery in Omani coastal waters (Al-Mamry et al. 2009).
Small numbers of A. spinifer are occasionally caught by recreational and commercial skiboats off Kwazulu-Natal (Mann et al. 1997) and by lineboats in Mozambique, but they make up a very small component of the catch in both areas (Maggs and Mann 2013). Relatively large catches are taken by bottom trawlers in the Gulf of Aden (Mann and Fennessy 2000). This species comprises a minor bycatch component of some commercial fisheries, such as prawn trawls in the Gulf of Carpentaria (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2014).
Argyrops spinifer is occasionally caught by commercial fishers in Taiwan, including Penghu Island (Pescadores) by gill net, long-line and bottom trawler from five to 150 m in sandy-muddy bottoms (K. Shao Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica pers. comm. 2009).
Argyrops spinifer is under consideration as a potential fish species for culture in Oman (Yoon et al. 2013).
Threats [top]
Major Threat(s): The development of the fishing fleet of the United Arab Emirates in the southern Persian Gulf has raised concerns relating to the resource management implications. The exploitation rate for this species (0.407 per year) was comparable to that at the estimated safe harvest level (0.401 per year), i.e. F0.1, suggesting that Argyrops spinifer is exploited at a sustainable level. However, the high juvenile retention rate (66.9%) and the discrepancies between the mean sizes at first capture and those which would maximize yield per recruit, suggest that the existing mesh size regulations in the trap fishery need to be reviewed for this species in the southern Persian Gulf (Grandcourt et al. 2004).
Conservation Actions [top]
Conservation Actions: There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. However, its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range (World Database of Protected Areas, accessed 11 March 2014).
Citation: Iwatsuki, Y., Russell, B., Carpenter, K.E., Mann, B.Q., Buxton, C.D., Pollard, D., Shao, K., Kaymaram, F., Hassan-Al-Khalf, K., Abdulqader, E., Hartmann, S., Bishop, J., Alnazry, H., Alam, S. & Jassim Kawari, A. 2014. Argyrops spinifer. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T170238A1299019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170238A1299019.en. Downloaded on 03 August 2017.
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Record Level
Growth Parameters
| Temperature | 0 | Observed Weight | 0 |
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| Sex | Previous Catalog Number | ||
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| Preparation Type | Related Catalog Item | ||
| Individual Count | 0 | GML Features | |
| Observerd Individual Count | 0 | Notes |
Collecting Event
Images
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Additional Info
Synonyms To Manage Synonyms for Argyrops spinifer, click this link: Synonyms. |
Calamus ciliaris (von Bonde, 1923) ¦ Pagrus ciliaris von Bonde, 1923 ¦ Sparus spinifer Forsskål, 1775 ¦ |
Common Names To Manage Common Names for Argyrops spinifer, click this link: Common Names. |
Red Porgy () |
Localities To Manage Localities for Argyrops spinifer, click this link: Localities. |
Species Record Updated By:
Carlos Aurelio Callangan
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