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Description |
Geographic Range [top]
Range Description: This specis occurs in eastern Bangladesh, southwestern China (southern, western and central Yunnan), northeastern India (Assam, Mizoram, and Tripura), Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand (north of the peninsular zone) and northern Viet Nam (Groves 2001).
T. p. phayrei
Occurs in Bangladesh, northeastern India (Assam, Mizoram, and Tripura), and western Myanmar. Found from Pegu north through Arakan to Tripura, southern Assam and eastern Bangladesh (Groves 2001).
T. p. crepuscula
Occurs in southwestern China (central, southern and southwestern Yunnan, with the Salween River as its west boundary), Lao PDR, Myanmar (north of the peninsular zone and south of the range of T. p. phayrei), Thailand (north of the peninsular zone) and northern Viet Nam. Found from Raheng (central Thailand) and the Mae Ping rapids (northwest Thailand) north to Xishuanbanna (Yunnan), east to southwestern Lao PDR and northern Viet Nam, and west to the coast of the Bay of Bengal (Groves 2001).
T. p. shanicus
Occurs in southwestern China (western Yunnan with the Salween River as the boundary) and northern and eastern Myanmar. Found in the northern Shan States and neighbouring dry zone of northern Myanmar, into Yunnan in the Yingjiang-Namting River and Tunchong-Homushu Pass Districts (Groves 2001).
Countries occurrence:
Native:
Bangladesh; China; India; Lao Peoples Democratic Republic; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam
Additional data:
Range Map: Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Population [top]
Population: In India and Bangladesh, populations are small and isolated, though locally common in many places (Choudhury 2001; Molur et al. 2003). In Lao PDR the species is localized, and in the northern parts of its range generally scarce, due both to high hunting pressure and a high level of habitat fragmentation. In the southern parts of its range in Lao PDR the species is more common, although still among the scarcest of the diurnal primates (R.Timmins pers. comm.). In Viet Nam the species is rare and now very localized (R. Timmins pers. comm.). In the last ten years there are records only from a handful of areas (Nadler et al. 2004). In Thailand, there are good populations in Nam Nao National Park and Phukhio Wildlife Sanctuary, where they had the highest densities at 3.4 groups/km2 and 23-38 individuals/km2 (Borries et al. 2002), but much of northern Thailand has been hunted out. There are also good populations in the Western Forest complex (W. Brockelmann pers. comm.). There is little information available concerning the species’ status in Myanmar (R. Timmins pers. comm.). In China, healthy populations of T. p. shanicus survive mainly in Gaoligongshan Nature Reserve and Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, and healthy populations of T. p. crepuscula survive mainly in Nangunhe Nature Reserve, Ailaoshan Nature Reserve, Wuliangshan Nature Reserve, Daxueshan Nature Reserve, Huanlianshan Nature Reserve, and Xishuanbanna Nature Reserve (Zhang et al. 2002). Overall, the picture is one of a serious ongoing decline globally.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Additional data:
? Population severely fragmented: No
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Habitat and Ecology: The species prefers primary and secondary evergreen and semi-evergreen forest, mixed moist deciduous forest, but is also found in bamboo-dominated areas, light woodlands, and near tea plantations. In some parts of the range, such as Lao PDR, it also occurs in forest on limestone (R. Timmins pers. comm.; Nadler et al. 2004). This is a predominantly arboreal, diurnal, and folivorous species (Molur et al. 2003).
Systems: Terrestrial
Threats [top]
Major Threat(s): In Bangladesh and India, this species is at risk of habitat disturbance and fragmentation, especially due to the establishment of tea gardens and paper mills, but also timber plantations, livestock ranching, shifting agriculture, firewood collection, charcoal production, and human settlement (Molur et al. 2003). Other threats facing these populations include pollution, inbreeding, and a local trade in the animals for zoos and as food (Molur et al. 2003). The population in Bangladesh has declines by more than 80% in the last 20 years, making it very vulnerable in its extremely fragmented locations (Molur et al. 2003). Further to the east of the range (in China, Viet Nam, Thailand, and Lao PDR), the major threat is hunting for traditional “medicine” and bushmeat. Indeed, in northern Thailand they have been nearly entirely hunted out, and now only survive in larger protected areas. In the known Lao PDR stronghold for this species (Bolikhamsai province), there is extensive infrastructure development for hydro-electric power, which is likely to increase hunting pressure on these populations (R. Timmins pers. comm.). Furthermore, the range of the species in Viet Nam, Lao PDR and Thailand coincides with ethnic minorities that favour shifting cultivation, with a continual resulting loss of forest (R. Timmins pers. comm.).
Conservation Actions [top]
Conservation Actions: The species is listed on CITES Appendix II. It is listed under Schedule I, part I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (amended up to 2002), while in Bangladesh it is listed as Schedule III in the Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) (Amendment) Act, 1974 (Molur et al. 2003). It is listed as Category I under wildlife Protection Act, 1989 in China, and has been a completely protected species in Myanmar since 1994, though a priority for this species is survey work in order to determine the current status of populations there. It is listed on Appendix 1B of Decree 32 (2006) in Viet Nam.
This species is found in a number of protected areas throughout its range, including: Lawachara National Park, Rama-Kalenga Sanctuary (Bangladesh); Galoligongshan Nature Reserve, Wuliangshan Nature Reserve, Ailaoshan Nature Reserve, Daxueshan Nature Reserve, Nanguanhe Nature Reserve, Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Lancangjiang Nature Reserve, Huanlianshan Nature Reserve, Fenshuiling Nature Reserve, Niuluohe Nature Reserve, Caiyanghe Nature Reserve, Xishuanbanna Nature Reserve (China); Dampa Sanctuary, Gumti Sanctuary, Sepahijala Sanctuary, Trishna Sanctuary (India); Pegu Yoma Reserve, Pidaung Reserve, Popa Mountain National Park (Myanmar); Nam Nao National Park, Phu Khieo Sanctuary (Thailand); Cuc Phuong National Park (Viet Nam). It might possibly occur in Phou Dendin National Park (Lao PDR) as well.
Citation: Bleisch, B., Brockelman, W., Timmins, R.J., Nadler, T., Thun, S., Das, J. & Yongcheng, L. 2008. Trachypithecus phayrei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T22040A9349717. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T22040A9349717.en. Downloaded on 01 February 2017.
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