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Description |
Geographic Range [top]
Countries occurrence:
Native:
Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Israel; Kuwait; Lao Peoples Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Oman; Pakistan; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Syrian Arab Republic; Thailand; Turkey; Turkmenistan; United Arab Emirates; Viet Nam
Vagrant:
Bahrain; Jordan
Additional data:
? Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown
? Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No ? Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) - km2: 14700000
? Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown ? Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
? Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown
? Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No
? Upper elevation limit (metres): 1800
Range Map: Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Population [top]
Population: The global population is estimated at 50,000-60,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2016). The European population is estimated at 50-100 pairs, which equates to 100-200 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2015).
Trend Justification: The population trend is difficult to determine because of uncertainty over the extent of threats to the species. The tiny European population is estimated to be stable (BirdLife International 2015).
Current Population Trend: Unknown
Additional data:
? Continuing decline of mature individuals: Unknown
? Extreme fluctuations: No ? Population severely fragmented: No
? Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown
? Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No ? All individuals in one subpopulation: No
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Habitat and Ecology: This species is found from lowlands up to c. 1,800 m in Sri Lanka and at least 2,300 m in the Himalayas. It uses open areas near fresh or brackish water: rivers, mudbanks, wet grassland, pools, particularly on cultivated land, such as corn fields, grass fields and large gardens. It also uses open forests, waste, fallow and ploughed land and occasionally grass along highways (Wiersma and Kirwan 2016). Birds from the Turkish population have been recorded using dam lakes, farmland and riverine gravel islands. It lays from mid-April to late June in Iraq and between late June and early July (mainly April-May) in east Arabia. Race indicus breeds from March to August/September, in Sri Lanka it breeds during the south-west monsoon, primarily in June (Wiersma and Kirwan 2016). The nest is a shallow scrape, unlined or lined with small stones and debris, usually situated near water. Clutch size three to four eggs. The species feeds on beetles and other insects as well as molluscs, worms and crustaceans. It is resident, dispersive and in places migratory and in winter, generally moves down from high altitudes (Wiersma and Kirwan 2016).
Systems: Terrestrial; Freshwater
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Unknown
Generation Length (years): 9
Movement patterns: Not a Migrant
Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)
Threats [top]
Major Threat(s): The species is not known to be facing any major threats.
Conservation Actions [top]
Conservation Actions: Conservation Actions Underway
CMS Appendix II. There are currently no known conservation measures in place for this species within its European range.
Conservation Actions Proposed
Research studies in to the speciess ecology and population dynamics as well as into potential threats. The development of monitoring schemes should also be undertaken.
Citation: BirdLife International. 2016. Vanellus indicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22694013A89569039. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694013A89569039.en. Downloaded on 13 February 2017.
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