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Description |
Distribution
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Eastern Siberia, Japan, China, and Indo-China.
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PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
Morphology
Physical Description
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Perennials, Aquatic, growing in or on water, Aquatic, fresh water, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Rhizomes present, Rhizome elongate, creeping, stems distant, Stolons or runners present, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems geniculate, decumbent, or lax, sometimes rooting at nodes, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem nodes bearded or hairy, Stem internodes solid or spongy, Stems with inflorescence 1-2 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2 or more cm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf bl ades mostly glabrous, Leaf blades scabrous, roughened, or wrinkled, Ligule present, Ligule an unfringed eciliate membrane, Ligule elongated, 1-3 cm, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence an open panicle, openly paniculate, branches spreading, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence curved, twisted or nodding, Inflorescence branches more than 10 to numerous, Lower panicle branches whorled, Flowers unisexual, Plants monoecious, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets laterally compressed, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 1 fertile floret, Spikelets solitary at rachis nodes, Spikelets unisexual, Spikelets falling with parts of disarticulating rachis or pedicel, Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Monoecious - staminate and pistillate spikelets on same inflorescence, Glumes completely absent or reduced to cuplike structure, Lemmas thin, chartaceous, hyaline, cartilaginous, or membranous, Lemma 3 nerved, Lemma gla brous, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemma distinctly awned, more than 2-3 mm, Lemma with 1 awn, Lemma awn 1-2 cm long, Lemma awn 2-4 cm long or longer, Lemma awned from tip, Lemma straight, Palea present, well developed, Palea about equal to lemma, Stamens 6, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis, Caryopsis ellipsoid, longitudinally grooved, hilum long-linear.
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Dr. David Bogler Source: USDA NRCS PLANTS Database
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Description
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Perennial, rhizomatous. Culms erect, 1–2.5 m, ca. 1 cm thick, rooting at lower nodes, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths longer than internodes, thickened, lower sheaths tessellate; leaf blades broadly linear, 50–90 × 1.5–3.5 cm, abaxial surface scabrous, adaxial surface glabrous, tapering to base, apex abruptly narrowed to a long point; ligule triangular, 1–1.5 cm. Panicle 30–50 × 10–15 cm, lower branches with male spikelets, upper branches with female spikelets, middle branches mixed; branches semiverticillate, many at each node, sparsely spinulose; pedicel apex disk-shaped with spinulose margin. Male spikelet 0.8–1.5 cm; lemma elliptic-oblong, margin ciliate; awn 2–8 mm, scabrous; anthers 5–8 mm. Female spikelet 1.5–2.5 cm; lemma linear, scabrous on veins; awn 1.5–3 cm, scabrous. Caryopsis ca. 1 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep. 2n = 30, 34.
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Description
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Coarse rhizomatous perennial; culm tall, rooting at basal nodes; ligules membranous, deltoid, 15 mm long; leaf-blades broadly linear, 30-100 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, upper surface scabrous; midrib ridged on lower surface, whitish. Panicle large, conical-ellipsoidal; up to 60 cm long, upper branches contracted and bearing pistillate spikelets and the other branches with staminate spikelets. Pistillate spikelets 1.5-2 cm long; glumes minute; lemma 5-nerved, lanceolate, scabrous on nerves, gradually narrowed at apex into a scabrous awn; palea lanceolate, as long as the lemma, 3-nerved. Caryopsis linear-oblong, 1 cm long. Staminate spiklets 1 cm long; glumes minute; lemma lanceolate, 5-nerved, acute or short-awned at apex. stamens 6, anther 4-10 mm long.
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Diagnostic Description
Synonym
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Hydropyrum latifolium Grisebach in Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 4: 466. 1853; Zizania aquatica Linnaeus var. latifolia (Grisebach) Komarov; Z. caduciflora Handel-Mazzetti, nom. illeg. superfl.; Z. dahurica Turczaninow ex Steudel.
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Type Information
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Isotype for Zizania mezii Prod.
Catalog Number: US 1505038
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Verification Degree: Original publication and alleged type specimen examined
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): B. Balansa
Year Collected: 1890
Locality: Tonkin., Vietnam, Asia-Tropical
Isotype: Prodoehl, A. 1922. Bot. Arch. 1: 245.
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© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany Source: National Museum of Natural History Collections
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Isotype for Zizania mezii Prod.
Catalog Number: US 1061849
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Verification Degree: Original publication and alleged type specimen examined
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): B. Balansa
Year Collected: 1890
Locality: Tonkin, Grand Lac., Hanoi., Vietnam, Asia-Tropical
Isotype: Prodoehl, A. 1922. Bot. Arch. 1: 245.
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© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany Source: National Museum of Natural History Collections
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Isotype for Hydropyrum latifolium Griseb. in Ledeb.
Catalog Number: US 1504540
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
Verification Degree: Original publication and alleged type specimen examined
Preparation: Pressed specimen
Collector(s): N. Turczaninov
Year Collected: 1833
Locality: In lacubus inter fl. Schilka et Angar., USSR
Isotype: Grisebach, A. H. R. 1853. Fl. Rossica. 4: 466.
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© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany Source: National Museum of Natural History Collections
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ECOLOGY
Habitat
Habitat & Distribution
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Shallow water of lake margins and swamps, forming large patches. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [NE India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Russia; cultivated in SE Asia].
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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Zizania latifolia
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The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
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© Barcode of Life Data Systems Source: Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Zizania latifolia
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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 4
Specimens with Barcodes: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1
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WIKIPEDIA
Zizania latifolia
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Zizania latifolia (Manchurian wild rice) (Chinese: ?; pinyin: g?) is the only member of the wild rice genus Zizania native to Asia. It is used as a food plant, with both the stem and grain being edible. Gathered from the wild, was once an important grain in ancient China.[2]:165 A wetland plant, Manchurian wild rice is now very rare in the wild, and its use as a grain has completely disappeared in China, though it continues to be cultivated for its stems.[2]:165 A measure is its former popularity is that the surname Ji?ng (Trad. ?, Simp. ?), one of the most common in China, derives from this crop.
Cultivation[edit]
Vegetables: Zizania latifolia stems galled by smut fungus
Zizania latifolia is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus Ustilago esculenta. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy; its cells increasing in size and number. Infection with U. esculenta prevents the plant from flowering and setting seed so the crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy.[3] The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable called gau-soon and kal-peh-soon[3] (also, gau sun and kah peh sung)[4] and jiaobai in China.[5] Its Japanese name is makomotake.[6] The galled section of the stem is 3 to 4 centimeters (1.2 to 1.6 in) wide and up to 20 centimeters (10 in) long.[7] This vegetable has been grown for centuries in China,[4] at least 400 years.[8] It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,[9] and it is eaten raw or cooked. It stays crisp when stir-fried.[10] The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.[7]
Cooked grains
Invasive species[edit]
It been accidentally introduced into the wild in New Zealand and is considered an invasive species there.[11] It has been introduced into Hawaii. Importation of the stems to the United States is prohibited in order to protect the North American wild rice species from the fungus.
References[edit]
^ a b Kellogg, Elizabeth A. (30 January 2009). "The Evolutionary History of Ehrhartoideae, Oryzeae, and Oryza". Rice 2: 1–14. doi:10.1007/s12284-009-9022-2. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
^ a b Simoons, Frederick J. (1991). Food in China: a cultural and historical inquiry. CRC Press. p. 559. ISBN 978-0-8493-8804-0.
^ a b Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus Ustilago esculenta. Journal of Biological Sciences 4(6) 744–50.
^ a b Terrell, E. E. and L. R. Batra. (1982). Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta, a grass-fungus association. Economic Botany 36(3) 274–85.
^ Jing-Ze, Z., et al. (2012). Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between Ustilago esculenta and Zizania latifolia. Mycological Progress 11(2) 499–508.
^ Kawagishi, H., et al. (2006). Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, Zizania latifolia infected with Ustilago esculenta. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 70(11) 2800-02.
^ a b Chung, K. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). Nutritional requirements of the edible gall-producing fungus Ustilago esculenta. Journal of Biological Sciences 4(2) 246–52.
^ Oritani, Y., et al. Manchurian wild rice (Zizania latifolia) infected with Ustilago esculenta stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human ?-defensin-2. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007.
^ You, W., et al. (2011). Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of Ustilago esculenta. Current Microbiology 62 44–54.
^ Yamaguchi, M. 1990. Asian Vegetables. pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. Advances in New Crops. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
^ NIWA: Stopping the freshwater wild rice invader
v
t
e
Cereals and pseudocereals
Cereals
Gramineae
Barley
Fonio
Jobs Tears
Maize
Millet
Oat
Rice
Rye
Sorghum
Teff
Triticale
Typha
Zizania
Wheat (Triticum)
bread
pasta
Khorasan
Red Fife
Norin 10
Winter
Farro
Einkorn
Emmer
Spelt
Pseudocereals
Polygonaceae
Buckwheat
Tartary buckwheat
Amaranthaceae
Amaranth
A. caudatus
A. cruentus
A. hypochondriacus
Celosia
Chenopodiaceae
Quinoa
Pitseed Goosefoot
Qañiwa
Lamiaceae
Chia
Acacia
Wattleseed
See also
Triticeae
Neolithic founder crops
Neolithic Revolution
History of agriculture
Natufian culture
Fertile Crescent
Tell Abu Hureyra
Tell Aswad
Cereal cultivation History (french)
Domestication
Green Revolution
Genetic engineering
Selective breeding
Crop wild relative
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NOTES
Comments
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This species is cultivated as a vegetable in China. The young shoots and rhizomes are edible when infected, swollen, and softened by the fungus Ustilago esculenta. The presence of the fungus prevents flowering. The grains were used for food by the Emperor in ancient China, and are currently being used by fishermen.
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Comments
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Cultivated in swampy fields and the young shoots, swollen by infection with Ustilago edulis, are a vegetable in China.
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