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Description |
Geographic Range [top]
Range Description: This species has a disjunct range, and is found in Natuna Island, the Halmahera Islands and Irian Jaya, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.
Countries occurrence:
Native:
Indonesia; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines
FAO Marine Fishing Areas:
Native:
Pacific – northwest; Pacific – western central
Additional data:
Range Map: Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Population [top]
Population: This species is widespread but uncommon in the Philippines. In Natuna Island and Halmahera Islands, Indonesia this is a rare species that is patchily distributed.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Additional data:
? Population severely fragmented: No
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Habitat and Ecology: This species is found in the downstream estuarine zone in the high intertidal region (Robertson and Alongi 1992). This is a fast-growing species, that can grow up to 20 m but often only to 5 or 10 m. It is a colonizing species on newly formed mudflats in SE Asia (Terrados et al. 1997), and has a high tolerance of hypersaline conditions (Tomlinson 1986).
Systems: Terrestrial; Marine
Generation Length (years): 40
Use and Trade [top]
Use and Trade: This species is harvested for fodder, fuelwood and construction materials.
Threats [top]
Major Threat(s): This species is found in the high intertidal region which is often the first part of mangrove habitat to be removed or affected by human activity, including clearing of land for aquaculture, agriculture and coastal development. Although local estimates are uncertain due to differing legislative definitions of what is a mangrove and to the imprecision in determining mangrove area, current consensus estimates of mangrove loss in the last quarter-century report an approximately 30% decline in mangrove areas in countries within this species range since 1980 (FAO 2007).
All mangrove ecosystems occur within mean sea level and high tidal elevations, and have distinct species zonations that are controlled by the elevation of the substrate relative to mean sea level. This is because of associated variation in frequency of elevation, salinity and wave action (Duke et al. 1998). With rise in sea-level, the habitat requirements of each species will be disrupted, and species zones will suffer mortality at their present locations and re-establish at higher elevations in areas that were previously landward zones (Ellison 2005). If sea-level rise is a continued trend over this century, then there will be continued mortality and re-establishment of species zones. However, species that are easily dispersed and fast growing/fast producing will cope better than those which are slower growing and slower to reproduce.
In addition, mangrove area is declining globally due to a number of localized threats. The main threat is habitat destruction and removal of mangrove areas. Reasons for removal include cleared for shrimp farms, agriculture, fish ponds, rice production and salt pans, and for the development of urban and industrial areas, road construction, coconut plantations, ports, airports, and tourist resorts. Other threats include pollution from sewage effluents, solid wastes, siltation, oil, and agricultural and urban runoff. Climate change is also thought to be a threat, particularly at the edges of a species range. Natural threats include cyclones, hurricane and tsunamis.
Conservation Actions [top]
Conservation Actions: There are no conservation measures specific to this species, but its range may include some marine and coastal protected areas. Continued monitoring and research is recommended, as well as the inclusion of mangrove areas in marine and coastal protected areas.
Citation: Duke, N., Kathiresan, K., Salmo III, S.G., Fernando, E.S., Peras, J.R., Sukardjo, S. & Miyagi, T. 2010. Avicennia rumphiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178809A7613129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178809A7613129.en. Downloaded on 27 September 2017.
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