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Description |
Asia: Pulau Bintan, Riau Archipelago, Indonesia.
Geographic Range [top]
Range Description: For further documentation see International Betta Congress
Countries occurrence:
Native:
Indonesia (Sumatera)
Additional data:
Range Map: Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Citation: Kottelat, M. 1996. Betta miniopinna. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996: e.T2780A9480196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T2780A9480196.en. Downloaded on 23 January 2019.
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Distribution
Endemic to Bintan Island, Riau Islands province, Indonesia, where it is known only from a handful of localities in the northern portion of the island.
Type locality is ‘Indonesia: Riau archipelago: northern Pulau Bintan: swamp forest at Tanjong Bintan end near Pasir Segiling, 1°10’N 104°30’E’.
Habitat
A stenotopic inhabitant of peat swamp forests and associated streams. The dense canopy of branches above means very little light penetrates the surface of such environments, although they are increasingly disturbed by human activity.
The water is typically stained darkly with humic acids and other chemicals released by decaying organic material. The dissolved mineral content tends to be negligible and pH can be as low as 3.0 or 4.0.
The substrate is usually covered by fallen leaves, branches and submerged tree roots and at certain times of year the fish may be forced to survive within the moist leaf litter for several weeks since permanent water is not always available.
During a trip to Bintan Island in August 2013, B. miniopinna was collected from a pocket of degraded peat swamp forest where much of the vegetation appeared to be dying back and a large inundated open area had formed due to construction of a road (see images). The fish were collected only from black water puddles beneath relatively pristine canopy, and the congener B. spilotogena was found at the same location.
Bintan has been developed for tourism over the last decades and is heavily-promoted by Indonesia, with luxury beach resorts and golf courses increasing in number. Further deforestation has occurred in order to establish large rubber plantations in the interior of the island. B. miniopinna is now restricted to a few remaining pockets of primary peat swamp forest and has been listed as ‘Critically Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species since 1996.
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