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Description |
Geographic Range [top]
Range Description: Bolbitis appendiculata is distributed in China, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Viet Nam (www.zipcodezoo.com) Philippines and Hong Kong. In India it occurs in Andhra Pradesh (Visakhapatanam, Sunkarimetta) Madhya Pradesh (Hoshangabad), Kerala (North Malabar-Kammadamkavu and Aravanchalkavu), Maharashtra (Amboli at the origin of the Hiranyakeshi River, Sahyadri hills, Raigad district- Matheran) Tamil Nadu (Tirunelveli Hills, Anamalai Hills and Palani Hills) and southern Orrisa (Manickam 1986; Manickam and Irudayaraj 1992; Kothari and Moorthy 1993; Verma et al. 1993; Pullaiah et al. 2003; BSI Coimbatore) at the altitude of 0 to 1,500 m (Hennipman 1977). Also reported in the Tamil Nadu Nilgiris (Gene pool forest, Nadugani and Gudalur-Ellamalai Road) by Manickam and Irudayaraj (2003), and Ponmudi and Sabarimala in Kerala (Manickam and Irudayaraj 1992). It is also present in Karnataka (Rajagopal and Bhat 1998). The species occupies an altitudinal range of 1,000 to 1,500 m in southern India (V. Irudayaraj pers. comm.).
Countries occurrence:
Native:
China (Yunnan); Hong Kong; India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu); Indonesia; Japan; Lao Peoples Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet Nam
Additional data:
? Continuing decline in number of locations: No
? Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No
? Upper elevation limit (metres): 1500
Range Map: Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Population [top]
Population: It is widespread, occurring occasionally in the Western Ghats restricted to some patches in riverine tracts usually as lithophyte. The population is stable in the Western Ghats at present, but there is a growing threat to the species from expanding plantation activities in the Western Ghats which will impact the populations in the near future. The species is very rare in the Nilgiris as it occurs only in two locations in the entire biosphere reserve (V. Irudayaraj and S. Jeeva pers. comm.). It is infrequent in hilly forests (Kothari and Moorthy 1993).
Current Population Trend: Unknown
Additional data:
? Population severely fragmented: No
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Habitat and Ecology: It is a lithophyte growing along fully or partially shaded streams and stream banks (Pullaiah et al. 2003), and also grows in rock crevices under shade with usually permanent source of trickling water (Verma et al. 1993). It is infrequent in hilly forests (Kothari and Moorthy 1993).
Systems: Terrestrial; Freshwater
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Unknown
Use and Trade [top]
Use and Trade: This species is not in use.
Threats [top]
Major Threat(s): The threats to the species worldwide are unknown, but in the Western Ghats threats include conversion of forests to plantations (rubber in Kanyakumari District; tea in Upper Kodayar, Tirunelveli District), tourism (Ponmudi in Kerala), and pilgrimage (Sabarimala in Kerala) pose major threats to the species. Since it is patchily distributed, such activities may impact the species in the near future (V. Irudayaraj and S. Jeeva pers. comm.). The species is very sensitive to changes in habitats as it requires permanent running water and shade in higher altitudes (V. Irudayaraj pers. comm.).
Conservation Actions [top]
Conservation Actions: No conservation actions in place. Detailed studies on habitats trends, population size, threats and life history of the species in the Western Ghats are recommended.
Citation: Kumar, B. 2011. Bolbitis appendiculata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T177343A7417912. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T177343A7417912.en. Downloaded on 28 January 2019.
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