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Description |
Geographic Range [top]
Range Description: The species is only known from three specimens from three widely separated locations in Borneo: from Maruwai at the head of Barito River, Central Kalimantan; from Sungai Merah in East Kalimantan; and from Paumor, in the Kelabit Highlands in Sarawak. It has been recorded from near sea level up to1,000 m asl. As these sites are very distant from one another, this snake is presumably more widespread in Borneo than is presently known, but it is unclear whether its occurrence is highly localized or whether this leaf litter snake is simply cryptic or neglected in surveys.
Countries occurrence:
Native:
Indonesia (Kalimantan)
Additional data:
? Number of Locations: 3
? Lower elevation limit (metres): 1000
Range Map: Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
Population [top]
Population: As only three specimens are known, there is no information about the population of this species. Population decline or extinction at the known sites has been inferred from the observed decline in the amount suitable habitat left for the species to survive due to human activities, and deforestation is widespread in Borneo. Knowledge of this snakes distribution on the island is very incomplete and so it is unclear to what extent this reflects trends throughout its range, and neither the rate nor the timing of any declines can be quantified.
Current Population Trend: Unknown
Additional data:
? Population severely fragmented: No
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Habitat and Ecology: The species has been reported from from heath forest (kerangas) and dipterocarp forest, where it is present in leaf litter. In Maruwa, the soil is highly acidic due to the presence of underlying coal deposits.
Systems: Terrestrial
Use and Trade [top]
Use and Trade: This species is not used or traded.
Threats [top]
Major Threat(s): The sites in Kalimantan fall within logging and mining concessions, where less than 10% of the original area is free from these forms of disturbance. Those are usually slopes and poor-quality forest that are very difficult for exploitation and not economically important. In Maruwai, the main threat to the species is coal mining and that also extensive land conversion, especially related to forest logging. The site in the Kelabit Highlands has largely been converted to a palm oil plantation, and it is unknown whether the snake is able to survive in this habitat. Up to 85% of the forest within the snakes apparent distribution is likely to be lost or heavily degraded within the next ten years. Due to its very poorly-known distribution, however, it is not clear whether this species is at major risk throughout its range, and it may be able to persist in forest left intact, or which is degraded rather than completely destroyed, at the known sites.
Conservation Actions [top]
Conservation Actions: This snake is not known from any protected areas. Research is needed to clarify this snakes distribution in Borneo, particularly in heath forest (which is not presently included within the protected area network in Kalimantan) and to understand its natural history, particularly its ability to survive in degraded forest and in plantations. Logging and mining organizations should reserve a potion of their concession areas for the preservation of this snake and other species.
Citation: Iskandar, D., Jenkins, H., Das, I., Auliya, M., Inger, R.F. & Lilley, R. 2012. Calamaria lumholtzi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T192240A2060014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T192240A2060014.en. Downloaded on 27 February 2019.
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